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With the exception of pH measurement, each of these techniques is spectroscopic in nature. Spectroscopic instruments are among the most versatile and widely-used tools in a chemistry, able to probe almost every molecular and atomic phenomena. Follow the link for a description of the basic theory and history of spectroscopic measurements.
The first chemical revolution took place with the work of Lavoisier and Berzelius. These men worked to make the obscure art of chemistry accessible to common people by greatly simplifying nomenclature and notation. The result was a huge influx of interest and talent into chemistry that has generated much of the technical advances we enjoy today. The introduction of the instruments on this site has had a similar effect on contemporary chemistry, advancing the field through instrumentation.