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  • Chapter 18

    • Synthesis of Ketones and Aldehydes

      • 1.  Oxidation of Alcohols*

        • a.  Oxidation of 2° alcohols to ketones

        • b.  Oxidation of 1° alcohols to aldehydes

      • 2.  Ozonolysis of Alkenes

      • 3.  Friedel-Crafts acylation

      • 4.  Gatterman-Koch synthesis

      • 5.  Hydration of Alkynes*

        • a.  Catalyzed by acid and mercuric salts (Markovnikov)

        • b.  Hydroboration-oxidation (anti-Markovnikov)

      • 6.  Alkylation of 1,3-dithianes

      • 7.  Synthesis of ketones using organolithium reagents with carboxylic acids

      • 8.  Synthesis of ketones from nitriles

      • 9.  Aldehyde synthesis by reduction of acid chlorides

      • 10.  Ketone synthesis from acid chlorides

    • Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes

      • 1.  Addition of organometallic reagents

      • 2.  Reduction

      • 3.  The Wittig reaction

      • 4.  Hydration

      • 5.  Formation of cyanohydrins

      • 6.  Formation of imines (condensation)

      • 7.  Formation of oximes and hydrazones (condensation)

      • 8.  Formation of acetals

      • 9.  Oxidation of aldehydes

      • 10.  Deoxygenation reactions*

        • a.  Clemmensen reduction

        • b.  Wolff-Kishner reduction

    • General Notes

      • 1.  Nucleophilic Addition

      • 2.  Acid-catalyzed

      • 3.  Reactivity